Should, ought to , & had better

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Should, ought to , and had better

1.Should

 a.    Should means suggestion ,recommendation , or advice

Example :

 Ø  You are still ill, you should go to the doctor soon.

 Ø   She is tired, she should take a rest.

 b.    Should means necessity, requirement, imperative, and must.

Example :

Ø  You should do your homework everyday

Ø  She should be here soon

Ø  He should study hard

2.Ought to

a.    Ought to = should, means should have been, fittingly, properly, and obviously

Example :

Ø  She ought to be here now

Ø  Ought to see to come here again?

b.    Ought to means there are some works have not get finished.

Example :

Ø  The work ought to have been finished last week.

Ø  You ought not (oughtn’t) to have crossed the road when the lights were red.

                                                                                                                                     

3.Had better

a.    Had better plus base form to express advisability, similar to the way use should or ought.

Example :

            A = You’d better slow down, or else you will get a ticket

            B = Listen, you’d better stop criticizing my driving or you will end up walking

b.    Had better follows better in negative

Example :

A = Kids, you’d better not be fooling around when I get home. You’d better not watching TV or else !

c.    Questions using had better are always negative and they emphasize advisability or warning.

Example :

A = Hadn’t you better keep your month closed for a while?

B = Right, or else I will put my foot on it.

d.    Negative tag ending with had better or quite cammon.

Example :

A = I just can’t take it anymore, had better it?

e.    In the north American English, the idiom had better occurs much less frequently than had better.

Example :

A = We’d best not take any chances

B = Yes, if we do. We might lose our pants.    

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Used to and Be used to

Used to :

Used to express a past  situation or habit that to longer exist at present

Form :

(+) S+Used to+ V1

( - )S+Didn’t used to + V1 / Never used to

(?) Did + S +used to + V1

Example :

        1.         I used to live with my parents now I live in my own house

        2.         My father used to smoke but the doesn’t any more

        3.         Did you use to live in Jakarta?

        4.         I never used to drink coffee at breakfeast, but now I always have coffe in the morning

        5.         I didn’t use to drink coffee at breakfeast

Be used to

Be used to digunakan untuk mengunkapkan  sesuatu yang normal maupun sesuatu yang tidak biasanya. Be use to akan di ikuti oleh Verb-ing (living, driving, getteing etc)

Form :

(+) subject + be + used to + object

Example :

1.          I am used to hot weather

2.          I am accustomed to hot weather

3.          I am used to living in a hot weather

4.          I am accustomed to living in a hot weather

Too and enough

Too :

Too + adjective + for + orang /benda Too + adjective + to V1

Example :

1.          English test is too diffult for him

2.          Tea is too sweet for me

3.          The bag is too expensive to buy

4.          She is too beautiful to love

5.          Khudhori is too lazy to study

Enough :

Enough + noun + to infinitive

Example :

1.          I don’t have enough money to buy it

2.          I don’t have enough time to meet you

3.          I don’t have enough chance to remember you

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Gerund

A.       Pengertian gerund

Gerund adalah kata kerja berbentuk -ing yang dipakai sebagai kata benda, gerund berbentuk sama seperti bentuk dalam present participle/V-ing, Perbedaan antara present participle adalah bahwa gerund merupakan kata benda sedangkan present participle adalah kata sifat.

Beberapa fungsi dari gerund, yaitu;

1. Gerund sebagai Subject

Contoh;                          

Ø Smoking is not good for health (merokok itu tidak baik untuk kesehatan)

Ø Speaking too long makes them bored (berbicara terlalu lama membuat mereka bosan)

Ø Reading is my hobby (membaca itu adalah hobi ku)

Keterangan;

Smoking, speaking dan reading adalah Gerund sebagai Subject-nya  

2. Gerund sebagai Object

A. Object of verb (object kata kerja)

Contoh;                            -

Ø l like singing very much (Aku suka menyanyi sangat banyak)

Ø The boy lates playing footbal (Anak laki-laki itu lambat bermain foot

Ø I don't mind visiting you (Saya tidak keberatan mengunjungi Anda)

Beberapa kata kerja (verb) yang harus diikuti oleh gerund, yaitu;

Admint, appreciate, avoid, anticipate, continue, deny, delay, detest, enjoy, excuse, finish, forgive, keep, mind, heglect, practise, prevent,risk, understand, quit.

Artinya;

Mengakui, menghargai, menghindari, mengantisipasi, lanjutkan, menyangkal, menunda, benci, menikmati, maaf, selesaikan, mengampuni, tetap, pikiran, heglect, praktek, mencegah, risiko, mengerti, berhenti.

Contoh dalam kalimat kata kerja (verb) yang harus diikuti oleh gerund;

Ø I appreciated her helping me              (saya menghargai dia membantu ku)

Ø She avoided talking to me                  (dia menghindari bicara padaku)

Ø He considered moving to pandeglang (dia mempertimbangkan pindah ke pandeglang)

           

B.       Object of preposition (object kata depan)

Contoh;

Ø They go on talking about the beautiful teacher (mereka melanjutkan pembicaraan tentang guru cantik itu)

Ø She is good at speaking English (dia bagus dalam berbicara bahasa inggris)

Ø Before explaining the lesson, the teacher always say''Hello'' (sebelum menjelaskan pelajaran, guru itu selalu mengucapkan salam )

Ada bentuk gerund juga dipakai sesudah phrase, yaitu;

  Ø  can't stand = tidak tahan

  Ø  can't bear = tidak tahan

  Ø  can't avoid = tidak tahan

  Ø  can't help = tidak tahan/ tidak sampai hati

  Ø  it's no use = tidak ada gunannya

  Ø  take to = membiasakan

  Ø  insist on = mendesak, memaksa

  Ø  it's worth = patut, pantas

  Ø  to be use to = terbiasa

  Ø  object to = menolak, keberatan

  Ø  to be accustomed to = terbiasa

  Ø  to be looking forward to = menanti, menunggu

  Ø  to get use to = terbiasa

Contohnya :

Ø l can't stand waiting for him too long (saya tidak tahan menunggu nya terlalu lama)

Ø She is accustomed to working hard (dia membiasakan untuk bekerja keras)

Ø it's no use crying for her (tidak ada gunannya menangis untuknya) 

-dst

3. Gerund sebagai Complement/ pelengkap

Contohnya;

Ø My favorit sport is volly ball (olah raga paporit ku adalah bola volly)

Ø Her hobby is singing (hobi nya dalah menyanyi)

Ø His habit is day dreaming (kebiasaannya adalah menghayal)

4. Gerund sebagai noun modifier (menerangkan)

Contohnya;

Ø The children are swimming in the swimming pool (anak-anak itu sedang berenang di kolam renang)

Ø The reading book is on the table (buku bacaan itu diatas meja)

Ø My honey is waiting for me in waiting room (pacarku sedang menunggu ku di ruang tunggu)

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Physical appearance

Ada banyak kosakata Bahasa Inggris untuk mendeskripsikan fisik . For example:

 Ø  Looks : handsome, ugly, beautiful, pretty, cute, fat, thin, skinny, slim, charming, attractive

 Ø  Height : tall, short

 Ø  Weight : heavy, light

 Ø  Age : young, old

 Ø  Hair type : long, short, curly, straight, wavy

 Ø  Hair colour : black, grey, white, blonde

 Ø  EYE (Mata) : Big, Slanted (Sipit), Almond-shaped eye, Brown,Blue,Dark

 Ø  Nose (Hidung) : Pointed (Mancung), Pug (Sedang), Flat (Pesek)

 Ø  Lips (Bibir) : Well- shaped, Hare (lip) (Sumbing)

 Ø  Face (Wajah) : Square (Kotak), Round (Bulat), Oval (Lonjong), Sharp-chinned (Runcing)

 Ø  Hair (Rambut) : Straight, Wavy (Berombak), Frizzy (Kribo), Curly (Keriting), Long, Short, Gray (Beruban), Blonde (Pirang), Spiky (Jabrik)

 Ø  Body (Badan) : Tall, Medium height, Short, Fat, Slim, Skinny/thin (Kurus), Muscular (Berotot), Sixpax

 Ø  Skin(Complexion) (Warna Kulit) : White, Black, Fair (Gelap), Tan (Sawo Matang)

Bagian tubuh lain yaitu :

 v  Moustache   : kumis

 v  Beard            : jenggot

 v  Side-burns   : godek,cambang

 v  Acne              : jerawat

 v  Mole             : tahi lalat

 v  Birthmark   : tanda lahir (jw.toh)

 v  Wrinkles      : kerutan

 v  Bald              : botak

Dan Berikut rumus untuk membuat kalimatnya :

Language Focus:        

S + has + (adj+n)

He,she,it Mary,Joe >>>has

I,you,we,they,Mary and Joe>>>have

Example: He has slanting eyes

They have flat nose

S + to be + (adj+n+ed/d)

Example: I am straight-haired

Jadi dalam penggunaan noun harus berakhiran ed. Ex: bodied,eyed,etc

S + to be + adj

Example: They are fat

About job :

1.      Farmer : Someone who plant/the care the farm

2.      Butcher : Someone who sell a meat

3.      Carpenter : Someone who produce the wood

4.      Taylor : Someone who making clothos

5.      Sailor : Someone who sail the ocean

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Adjective endunged (ing)

a)    There are many pairs of adjectives ending with –ing and –ed.For example: Boring and bored

Study this example situation!

Someone is -ed if something (or someone) is -ing Or,if something is –ing ,it makes you –ed . So:

®       John is bored because his job is boring

®       John’s job is boring, so john is bored. (not “john is boring.”)

Now, study these examples:

Someone is interested because something (or someone) is interesting:

®       Tom is interested in politics. ( not “interesting in politics”)

®       Tom find politics interesting

®       Are you interested in buying a car?

®       Did you meet anyone interesting at the party?

b)   Other pairs of adjectives ending with –ing and –ed are:

Adjective ending With -ing	Adjective ending With –ed
Fascinating Exciting Amusing Amazing Shocking Disgusting Embarrasing Confusing	Fascinated Excited Amused Amazed Shocked Disguted Embarassed Confused

Adjectives ending With –ing	Adjectives ending With –ed
Horrifying Terrifying Frightening Deprssing Worrying Exhausting satisfying	Horrified Terrified Frightened Deprssed Worried Exhausted Satisfied

Example Question:

1.depressed-depressing

a)    This weather is Depressing

b)   This weather makes me Depressed

2.interested-interesting

a)    Tom is interested  

b)   He finds astronomy very interesting in astronomy

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